Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer-based comprehensive processing and spatial data analysis system. It is an emerging edge research field integrating computer science, management science, information science, and geoscience.In the 1970s, the Tennessee River Basin Administration of the United States used GIS technology to process and analyze various river basin data and provide decision-making services for river basin management and planning. GIS began to be gradually applied to the field of hydrology and water resources. After the 1980s, with the rapid development of computer technology, GIS and hydrology and water resources have also been widely integrated.
Application progress
1. Application in water resources assessment and planning
A lot of spatial information is involved in water resources evaluation and planning, such as administrative division, river system, landform, water conservancy project distribution, hydrological station control section location, population, measured hydrological data and other attribute data. GIS can support the acquisition, management, analysis, simulation and display of these obvious time-dimensional data.
According to the characteristics that the formation, quantity and distribution of water resources in Dawen River Basin are affected by underlying surface elements such as topography, vegetation and precipitation, a water resources calculation and evaluation model is established by using GIS; This paper discusses how to apply GIS technology to the comprehensive planning of water resources in Huaihai basin. In addition, GIS technology has been more and more widely used in water environment quality evaluation and planning in China in recent years.
Abroad, Gupta and others realized the use of Grid GIS data management tool for watershed planning as early as 1977. Subsequently, some European research institutions also jointly developed the watershed planning decision support system "water" with the functions of hydrological process simulation, water pollution control and water resources planning. In recent years, Carlo et al. Developed Ag pie model on GIS platform to evaluate the decline of surface and groundwater quality caused by agricultural production.
2. Application in regional water resources management
The water resources management information system based on GIS can provide rapid and comprehensive information support for water resources management. Taking MapInfo as the development platform, the national river system, hydrological station network, administrative divisions, important cities and other geographical elements are integrated into a whole, and the national hydrological station network management information system is established, which provides information support for optimizing the hydrological station network and improving the management level of the station network. GIS has also been widely used in irrigation area water resources management, established Liaoning farmland water conservancy management information system, and improved the management of farmland water conservancy in Liaoning Province.
3. Application in flood control and disaster reduction
GIS technology can be used as the platform of flood control decision support system or information management system, and on this basis, disaster assessment and flood disaster risk analysis can be carried out. Some scientific research departments and watershed water management institutions in China have successively applied GIS technology to the development of flood control decision support system and flood disaster assessment system. Some provinces and cities have established urban flood control decision support system based on GIS. In addition, GIS based flood routing simulation has been successfully developed in many units in China, and the technology is quite mature.
Abroad, Davis has combined HEC-1, HEC-2 and GIS to simulate flood, water quality and soil slope erosion, which can be well used for flood loss assessment.
4. Application in water environment monitoring and water resources protection
GIS technology provides a convenient, intuitive and scientific tool for water cycle monitoring and regional water resources protection management and decision-making. Managers can query and analyze water quality change characteristics and future trends, and understand the implementation effect of the scheme. Especially when pollution accidents occur, GIS can quickly simulate and predict the future temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of pollutants, So as to provide decision-making basis for taking emergency measures quickly. In China, Shanghai Environmental Management Department began the application research of GIS in the late 1980s and established the water environment GIS of Huangpu River Basin. The system has the functions of dynamic monitoring and display, water pollution process simulation and water intake environmental management, and can make rapid prediction, analysis and prediction of water quality. Since then, many domestic scholars have carried out research on water quality monitoring and water resources protection based on GIS. How to enter Korea has established a water quality dynamic management information system to realize the functions of water quality monitoring, real-time data processing, water quality evaluation and prediction, system maintenance and so on; Zhang Li et al. Calculated one-dimensional constant flow equations and two-dimensional water quality model based on GIS data, and realized the visualization of concentration field on GIS platform; With the technical support of GIS and non-point source pollution model Swat, Qin Fulai and others discussed the application of DEM in the study of non-point source pollution.
In foreign countries, in order to support various levels of water resources and water environment management, the U.S. National Environmental Protection Agency has developed the national river section file based on GIS technology and hydrological data of the Geological Survey Bureau. AGNPS, GRASS and GRASS Water Works models are integrated to comprehensively evaluate the impact of non-point source pollution on the water quality of CASS River in Michigan.
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