Mineral resources (mineral resources) refers to the occurrence of underground or surface, formed by the geological effect of solid, liquid or gaseous with the actual or potential economic value of natural enrichment. Mineral Resources Law provides that "mineral resources are formed by the geological role, with the use of value, was solid, liquid, gaseous natural resources." The two definitions are consistent. Its connotation is that mineral resources are formed by geologica l action during the evolution of the earth, and are the primary enriched material naturally produced in the earth's surface or in the crust; the forms of output are solid, liquid and gaseous; both the quantity of mineral resources which has been discovered , Quality and spatial location of the mineral properties have been made aware of, but also by the forecast or infer the possible existence of minerals; both the current development and economic value of the mineral, including the future may be developed and has economic value of resources.
(1) The total amount of mineral resources is large and diverse; (2) They are widely distributed and relatively concentrated. For example: coal, iron, oil-producing areas to the north mostly; non-ferrous metal ore is the South mostly. Relatively concentrated in favor of large-scale development, the formation of important mineral, but also caused the exchange of resources between different regions, increasing the burden of transport. (3) associated with ore, some important minerals (such as iron ore) lean ore, rich ore less, increasing the difficulty of mining, transport and sorting smelting. (4) the situation of mineral resources is grim, on the one hand the per capita share is small; on the other hand, the mining rich abandon the iron ore, the iron ore of the iron ore of the Inner Mongolia Bayan Obo; Poor, indiscriminate mining and digging, destruction of the environment, destruction of mines, a serious waste, low utilization. China's energy and mineral distribution: China's energy reserves and production ranks first in coal, followed by oil and natural gas.
China's coal 60% distribution in the north, northeast, northwest and many. South in addition to Yunnan, Guizhou and a few areas, the coal resources less. Henan: Pingdingshan; Jiangsu: Xuzhou; Anhui: Huainan, Huaibei; Inner Mongolia: Dongsheng, Zhungeer, Shandong Province, China's largest coal mines are: Shanxi: Datong, Yangquan, Xishan; Hebei: Kailuan, Heilongjiang; Jixi, Hegang; Guizhou: Liupanshui and so on.
China has developed on the mainland oil fields, mainly in the northeast, north China. Famous oil fields are: Daqing in Heilongjiang in the northeast, Liao in Liaoning. Tianjin, near the North China Oilfield, Shandong victory and the Zhongyuan Oilfield (Chinese victory), Gansu Yumen, Xinjiang, Karamay and so on.
China is the world's first to discover and use natural gas in one of the countries. China's natural gas is mainly concentrated in the central and western regions of the Meng Shan Plateau, Tarim Basin, Qaidam Basin, Sichuan Basin and the eastern part of the shallow continental shelf area. The main natural gas fields are: Jingbian in northern Shaanxi and Changqing gas field in Erdos area of Inner Mongolia (the gas pipeline which radiates around Changqing gas field); the wheel table of Tarim (West-East Gas Pipeline); the astringency of Qaidam (Sichuan gas pipeline); the Yacheng 13-1 gas field in the South China Sea (to the northeastern Sichuan gas field); the gas field in the South China Sea (the Shibuiling gas pipeline); Sichuan Luzhou, Zigong Weiyuan, Jiangyou, Dachuan and Chongqing Fuling, Hong Kong gas pipeline); the East China Sea Pinghu gas field (to the Shanghai gas pipeline) and Chunxiao gas field (gas Ningbo, Shaoxing built in 2005)
The significance of the West-East Gas Pipeline: to export the region - to the rich resources of the western region into economic advantages, increase employment, increase taxes, increase revenue, improve infrastructure and investment environment, and thus greatly promote the western region's economic development. For the input region - to provide clean, high quality, reliable and cheap energy for the eastern region, improve the environmental quality and promote economic development and social progress in the eastern region. But also be able to effectively promote the development of related industries, stimulate domestic demand.
(1) iron ore: iron ore is an important mineral, because the iron and steel industry is a measure of a country's industrial development level of the important features. China is rich in iron ore resources (third in the world), but the poor ore, high-quality iron-rich. China's iron ore widely distributed, of which from Hebei, Liaoning, Sichuan up. Well-known iron ore are: Qian'an in Hebei, Inner Mongolia Bayan Obo, Liaoning Anshan, Benxi, Hubei Daye, Sichuan Panzhihua, Anhui Ma On Shan, Hainan Shilu and so on.
(2) non-ferrous metal ore: China is the world's non-ferrous metal mineral resources, one of the richest countries, including rare earth, tin, tungsten, titanium, antimony, lithium, magnesite ranks first in the world. Important mines are: copper: Jiangxi Dexing, Yunnan Dongchuan, Hubei Daye (copper, iron); tungsten: Jiangxi Tai Yu; tin: Yunnan Gejiu; antimony ore: Hunan tin mine; mercury: Guizhou Tongren; Minerals: Guizhou Xiuwen, Shandong Zibo, Guangxi: Pingguo; lead-zinc mine in Hunan Shuikoushan, Qinghai Xitie Shan, and so on.
The main problems: coal, oil, electricity shortage to strengthen → energy base construction and energy resources exploration and development. Chaos mining and digging, not only destroy the environment, but also a serious waste.
Countermeasures: According to the "Mineral Resources Law" mine protection,comprehensive utilization, and study the use of alternative new materials.
North China has Dagang Oilfield, North Oilfield, are laid with foreign oil pipelines, refining and chemical enterprises in North China, located in Beijing Yanshan Dongfanghong Refinery and Dagang Oil Refinery, Tianjin Refinery, Cangzhou Refinery, Shijiazhuang Refinery , Baoding refinery, Inner Mongolia Hohhot refinery. Crude oil pipeline length of 1847.4 kilometers.
The earliest construction of crude oil in North China is the backbone of Qinhuangdao to Beijing Qin Jing line, for the Beijing Dongfanghong refinery supply of raw material oil. Qin line started in April 1974, June 19, 1975 production. Pipeline length of 324.6 km, the annual oil capacity of 6 million tons. Across the river 11, the railway 14, highway 40, across the river (Yongding River 1574 meters) and the canal 5. Luoyang Petrochemical Design Institute (Sinopec Luoyang Petrochemical Engineering Company) design, pipeline three companies and construction of Jianghan Oilfield Construction Company.
Dagang to Zhou Li Zhuang oil pipeline construction in 1968, this pipeline is the only one of Dagang Oilfield crude oil transmission line. The origin changes several times. The total length of 210.5 kilometers, the annual capacity of 5 million tons.
Renqiu to Cangzhou crude oil pipeline, started in January 1, 1976, April 1 production, length 109 km, the annual oil capacity of 5 million tons, after transformation in 1983, the annual oil capacity of 7.7 million tons. (Cangzhou to Linyi), river stone line (Hejian to Shijiazhuang), Ren Baoxian (Renjiu to Beijing), Cangzhou line (Cangzhou to Linyi), the river line (Hejian to Shijiazhuang), Ren Bao line (Renqiu to Baoding), the Ace line (Al-Shan to Saitan Tara).
Central Oilfield, located in Hubei and Henan provinces, Jianghan Oilfield, Henan Oilfield and Zhongyuan Oilfield, the main refining enterprises in Hubei Jingmen Refinery and Henan Luoyang Refinery. Crude oil pipeline length of 1347.5 kilometers.
Jianghan crude oil pipeline has potential Jing line (Qianjiang to Jingmen), built in 1970, a total length of 90 km, the annual capacity of 1.7 million tons. Henan crude oil pipeline Wei Jing line (Wei Gang to Jingmen) and Wei Jing double line.
Central Plains crude oil pipeline Pu Pu line (Puyang to Linyi), in the Luo line (Puyang to Luoyang) and Zhongluo line. In addition, the port to the refinery crude oil pipeline length of 859.3 km.
Northeast China is the main production base of crude oil, Daqing Oilfield, Liaohe Oilfield and Jilin Oilfield, crude oil production accounts for about 53.5% of the total output, crude oil pipeline of 3399.6 km. Daqing Oilfield from 1966 onwards, the annual output reached 10.6689 million tons, the proven oil resources are not fully developed. July 1970, Premier Zhou Enlai and Vice Premier Li Xiannian, with Yu Qiuli, Kang Shien deliberations, decided to advance the reserve resources in Daqing Oilfield, and decided to focus on funds to build Daqing crude oil pipeline. In August 3, 1970, the Northeast Pipeline Construction Leading Group meeting formal preparation, named for the northeast "83 project".
The beginning of the "eighty-three project" in northeast China started from the construction of Daqing-Fushun Qingfu line, which ran through Nenjiang from Zhaoyuan County, Heilongjiang Province. After passing through Nenjiang, the Songyuan, Nong'an, Changchun, Gongzhuling, pear, Siping, Changtu into Liaoning Province, the Tieling, the refinery is more concentrated to the end of the industrial city of Fushun. The end station is located in Fushun Kang Lok Tuen to branch to the Fushun oil plant, Plant, three plants for oil. Qing Fu line length of 596.8 km, of which diameter of 720 mm pipeline 558.6 km, started in September 1970, August 1971 trial run, October 31 official oil. The total investment of 293 million yuan, the annual oil capacity of 20 million tons. Construction of long-distance, large-diameter, transportation, "three high" crude oil pipeline, which is the first time in China.
Qing Fu line after the completion of the formal establishment of the headquarters of the Survey and Design Institute (later with the Pipeline Bureau Design Institute merged into the Pipeline Survey and Design Institute), the construction team also transferred to the official for a pipeline project, two, Three (later renamed the pipeline one, two, three companies). Since then the continued construction of the formation of a professional team in the case, changed the people's war-style approach, in 1972 started construction of the Tieling to Qinhuangdao pipeline, in October 1973 started the construction of Daqing to Tieling double line, 1974 10 years to start construction The Tieling to Dalian pipeline. During this period also built Fushun to Anshan refinery, oil plant to Liaoning power plant, Dandong to North Korea Sinuiju, Panjin to Jinxi oil five plants such as short-distance pipeline. To September 1975, 5 years in the construction of eight oil pipeline, a total of 2471 kilometers, of which the main trunk line 2181 kilometers, formed a Tieling station as a hub, connecting Daqing to Fushun, Daqing to Qinhuangdao and Daqing to Dalian three oil Aorta, the northeast pipe network gradually formed. The "83 Project" in Northeast China explored the organizational construction and management model in line with China's national conditions for the construction of China's pipelines. It laid the foundation for China's crude oil pipeline survey and design, project construction and operation and management.
The main oil field in East China is Shandong Shengli Oilfield, which is the second largest oil field after Daqing Oilfield. After the Shengli Oilfield was put into development, two pipelines of Dongying-Xindian (1965) and Linyi-Jinan (1972) were successively built to supply oil directly to Qilu and Jinan two refineries. In 1974, Dongying to Huangdao pipeline is completed, the crude oil from Huangdao oil port sea transport; 1975, started construction of Shandong to Yizheng, Dongying to Linyi pipeline, open into the East China pipeline network, crude oil from Water Transport of Yizheng Oil Port. Built in 1978 in Cangzhou to Linyi, Henan Puyang built in 1979 to Linyi pipeline, East China Oilfield and Zhongyuan Oilfield part of the crude oil, also entered the East China crude oil pipeline network. The Yizheng oil depot (oil depot) on the north bank of the Yangtze River has become the largest crude oil transshipment base in East China. In addition to supplying oil for the Nanjing refinery, it transports the oil refineries along the Yangtze River through Yizheng oil port. East China crude oil pipeline length of 2718.2 kilometers.
East China crude oil pipeline network from the construction of Linyi to Nanjing, when the Lu Ning line began planning, after only the construction of Jiangsu Yizheng, still known as the Lu Ning line; Lu Ning pipeline construction, across Shandong, Anhui, Jiangsu provinces. The pipeline construction, the headquarters of the "pipeline for the industry, universal home, arduous and proud, field for the music," the loud slogan. Lun Ning line in October 20, 1975 officially started. July 1978 the construction put into operation, a total length of 652.58 km, the annual capacity of 20 million tons, the pipeline survey and Design Institute design, pipeline one, two, three companies.
Dongying to Xindian (Dongxin line), in January 1965 started in December completed and put into production. It has a total length of 79.36 km, designed annual oil transportation capacity of 5.4 million tons and feeder line of 7.5 km. Linyi to Jinan (Rinzin Line), put into operation in 1973, a total length of 67.3 kilometers, the annual oil capacity of 1.1 million tons, through the large rivers 3 (Yellow River, Tuhai River, Xiaoqing River), the Yellow River through the pipe construction.
Linyi double line, put into operation in 1991. The total length of 69.5 kilometers, the annual oil capacity of 1.5 million tons. Double line through the size of the river 41, trunk road 7, railway 3, the Yellow River through the use of sand settling method construction, Lin Qi line, Riverside double line design by the Shengli Oilfield Design Institute, Shengli Oilfield Construction Company construction.
Dongying to Huangdao (East Yellow Line), built in 1973, put into operation in July 1974, the original length of 248.93 km, designed by the Shengli Oilfield Design Institute, Shengli Oilfield Construction Company construction. Pipeline Bureau took over, in 1984 on a full range of technical transformation. Pipeline length of 245.32 kilometers, the annual oil capacity of 10 million tons. In July 1986, after the completion of the East Yellow Double Line, the East Yellow Line then sweep line stop. August 23, 1998 to restore oil (East Yellow Line win Shengli oil, the East-Yellow double-track change to import oil), transformation and rehabilitation works by the original pipeline survey and Design Institute design, pipeline four companies and Shengli oil companies owned pipeline installation Company construction.
East double yellow line, started in 1985, July 17, 1986 production. Length of 248.52 km, the design pressure of 6.5 MPa, the annual oil capacity of 20 million tons. This is China's first automated pipeline construction, the pipeline survey and Design Institute of design, automation and foreign companies to design part of the pipeline two or three companies.
China's first long-distance oil pipeline is started in 1973 to build the grid then finished oil pipeline, starting from Golmud City, Qinghai Province, and finally Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa. In 1977 October all the basic completion of the project. Pipeline full-length 1080 km, the annual transport capacity of 250,000 tons. Gela oil pipeline by the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Logistics Department of the organization, by the General Logistics Department of Qinghai-Tibet Department of the Ministry of Oil Pipeline Group Gula line through the Yangtze River Chu Maer River, Tuotuohe, Tongtianhe 108 rivers, Tanggula Mountain 9 mountain. There are more than 900 kilometers of pipeline at an altitude of 4,000 meters above (the highest point of more than 5200 meters) in the cold regions, 560 km laying in permafrost zone. Frozen layer thickness from a few meters to hundreds of meters, there are ice vertebral, ice hill, explosion grams of water drum hill, as well as thick layer of groundwater, thermal melting slump and other special adverse geological phenomena. Difficulties, construction is very difficult. Gela line is the first use of the sequence of transmission technology, the order of transportation gasoline, diesel, aviation kerosene and kerosene lamp 4 varieties of 5 models of oil. For the Qinghai-Tibet Highway along the gas station and Lhasa for oil, military dual-use.
Gela line through the oil, not only conducive to border readiness, but also for the roof of the world into Tibet, vitality, and create economic prosperity. It can be said that where the oil flow, where the economic life of a qualitative change, thus establishing the "oil economy" of Tibet's special status.
From the long oil pipeline is also built in 1995, Fushun Petrochemical to Yingkou Bayuquan pipeline length of 246 km; built in 1999 in Tianjin Binhai International Airport and Beijing Capital International Airport pipeline, a total length of 185 km; October 22, 2000 Day construction of the pipeline from Lanzhou to Chengdu to Chongqing, a total length of more than 1,200 kilometers, is currently under construction. Northwest gas pipeline Jingbian to Beijing's Shaanxi-Beijing line, is the country's key projects, but also the backbone of the early West-East Gas Project, the highest level of construction for the current domestic gas pipeline.
Jingbian to Beijing's Beijing-Beijing line, is the first long-distance, large diameter and highly automated gas pipeline. Started in March 1996, completed in September 10, 1997, a total length of 918.42 km, the design pressure of 6.4 MPa, the annual gas transmission capacity is not pressurized 1.32 billion cubic meters. After the second stage of production pressure station (Yulin Compressor Station) in November 10, 1999 completed the annual gas transmission capacity of 2.2 billion cubic meters. Three-phase pressurization (Yellow River West and Yingxian Pressure Station) was completed on November 15, 2000, with an annual gas transmission capacity of 3.3 billion cubic meters.
Shaanxi-Beijing railway line from Jingbian County, Shaanxi Province, Changqing gas field natural gas purification plant first station, finally Beijing Shijingshan District Yamen mouth Beijing station, via Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Beijing 3 provinces and one city 22 counties, and through the 3 Earthquake zone, over the Lvliangshan, Hengshan, Taihang Mountain 3 mountains, through the Wuding River, Tuwei River, Kuye River, Yellow River, Yongding River 5 rivers. Across the river across the board 230, the railway 21, 131 large road. In order to adapt to the peaking needs, in January 6, 2000 built a large Zhangtuo underground gas storage and 118.5 km supporting pipelines, peaking capacity of 500 million cubic meters / day, the annual effective peak shaving 600 million cubic meters.
Shaanxi-Beijing line of the project using internationally recognized advanced standards. Shaanxi-Beijing line by the Pipeline Design Institute and foreign companies to design, pipeline one, two, three companies, Daqing, Changqing, Sichuan oil construction companies to participate in the construction.
Shanshan line (Shanshan to Urumqi), September 26, 1995 start, completed in September 30, 1996, March 10, 1997 the official gas supply. Total length of 301.6 kilometers. 6 through the river, railway 6, 79 highway. Shan-Wu line is the higher degree of automation of the gas pipeline. The first use of epoxy powder spray corrosion. The first domestic use of the same ditch with a communication cable, length 310.78 km. Shan-Wu line is also the first land-based international organizations in the construction of large-scale projects. (Supervision scope: from the initial design, construction design, construction, commissioning, acceptance and put into operation the whole process of supervision) and third-party quality supervision system. The project adopts the general contracting method, also known as "turnkey project", which is also the common practice in international engineering market.
Xinjiang Tarim Oilfield, there are reservoirs of gas reservoirs. Gas storage is rich, development prospects, in 1996 the cumulative proven natural gas reserves of 30.523 billion cubic meters, in 1996 began laying gas pipeline. The end of the 20th century, proven natural gas reserves has reached more than 5000 billion cubic meters. The gas pipeline has been built tower wheel line, round library line, the West-East pipeline to Shanghai from here as a starting point. Tower to the wheel south (tower round line). July 1, 1995 started on August 16, 1996 completion of a total length of 302.15 km, tower round line is also China's first desert gas line, and the tower wheel oil pipeline and communication cable laying the same groove.
Henan Puyang to Cangzhou (in Cang line). April 1, 1985 start, April 28, 1986 completed, August 7 to Cangzhou fertilizer plant gas supply. A total length of 361.89 km, the design pressure of 5.1 MPa, the annual gas transmission capacity of 600 million cubic meters. Pipeline crossing the railway 4, Highway 38, 92 rivers. The first station is equipped with the introduction of the Centaur T4500 gas turbine and two centrifugal compressors and ancillary equipment, is the first use of domestic gas pipeline compressor equipment. The new tube was replaced on 20 September 1999 and resumed on 22 October. Pipeline technology companies to block operating operations, the original pipeline survey and Design Institute of design, pipeline two, three companies in construction.
Northwest is the early 50s of the national oil exploration in key areas. In 1958 in Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China built the first to introduce a modern refinery - Lanzhou refinery. In December 1958 built the Karamay to Dushanzi crude oil pipeline, marking the history of China's long-distance pipeline construction starting point. Northwest crude oil pipeline length of 4102.7 km.
Grid lines from Qinghai Province in Xizhou Huashuigou oil sands (oil field centralized processing), and finally the southern suburbs of Golmud in Qinghai Province, to the Golmud refinery oil. September 1987 started, September 21, 1990 formally put into operation oil, length 435.6 km, design pressure 6.27 MPa, the annual oil capacity of 1 million tons. Design by the pipeline survey and Design Institute, one or three pipeline construction company. 1977 in two phases of expansion, the oil capacity of 200 million tons. Hua Ge line using the open-line carrier remote control automation system, in the country is the first time. Lattice line is also laid in the plateau region of the first crude oil pipeline, the highest point of the pipeline Uzshan, 342 meters above sea level.
It is the first crude oil pipeline in Tarim Oilfield. Crude oil tanker goes to Korla after loading train. It started on July 2, 1991 and was put into operation on July 1, 1992. A total length of 191.79 km, the annual capacity of 1 million tons to 300 million tons, pipeline survey and Design Institute design, construction of two companies pipeline. In the design and construction used a number of new technologies. Automatic control of the use of Chinese to operate, interactive image, graphics, language integrated transmission of the production of monomer monitoring and management; the use of solar energy and wind power, as the cathodic protection of power supply, such as the use of satellite remote sensing and satellite positioning technology to optimize the line; and many more.
Tower wheel line (tower to wheel south) is China's first mobile desert pipeline, 75% in the Taklimakan Desert. July 1, 1995 started in August 16, 1996 completed and put into production, the annual oil capacity of 100 to 600 million tons. Tower wheel line across the board 302.15 km, the same ditch with a gas pipeline and communication cable.
Source: Atlas of China's Natural Disaster System
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